Segmenting microscopy data to identify individual dendritic segments, and removing background sources is also a challenge. Motion artifacts due to the animal’s locomotion, heartbeat, whisking, or other movements, add to this challenge. on the order of 1 μm, means that there is a relatively low signal to noise ratio (SNR) when imaging these cellular processes, and resolving them necessitates a high spatial resolution. This limitation primarily arises from the significant challenge of obtaining high-resolution chronic recordings from the apical dendrites of multiple cells in awake behaving animals. These anatomical and physiological differences suggest that inputs to the apical versus basal dendrites might serve different computational roles, which has motivated the development of many computational models of learning and inference in neocortical circuits 7, 8, 9.ĭespite the strong interest in how apical dendrites contribute to learning and inference, there have, to-date, been few experimental datasets that can speak to these myriad theoretical models. For example, the apical dendrites have more voltage-gated calcium channels that make them more prone to developing plateau potentials in response to strong synaptic inputs 4, 5, 6. Moreover, there are profound physiological differences between the apical and basal dendrites related to the distribution of ion channel and synaptic receptor types. The inputs to these apical dendrites are typically from neurons in other downstream cortical regions or associative thalamic regions 1, 2, 3, in contrast to the basal dendrites which lie near the soma and are heavily innervated by inputs from nearby neurons within the same cortical region, or from sensory subcortical structures like the primary thalamic nuclei 1, 2. Pyramidal neurons have a striking anatomical structure: while their cell bodies lie at different depths within the cortex, they each have a long apical dendrite that extends, in many cases, up to the cortical surface. Pyramidal neurons are the primary excitatory neurons in the neocortex, and are thus of major importance in sensation, behaviour, and cognition. This dataset allows neuroscientists to explore the differences between apical and somatic processing and plasticity. Many of the cell bodies and dendrite segments were tracked over days, enabling analyses of how their responses change over time. This dataset comprises high-quality two-photon calcium imaging from the apical dendrites and the cell bodies of visual cortical pyramidal neurons, acquired over multiple days in awake, behaving mice that were presented with visual stimuli. Here we present a dataset collected through the Allen Institute Mindscope’s OpenScope program that addresses this need. However, due to technical challenges in data collection, little data is available for comparing the responses of apical dendrites to cell bodies over multiple days. Based on these differences, a number of theories in computational neuroscience postulate a unique role for apical dendrites in learning. The apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons in sensory cortex receive primarily top-down signals from associative and motor regions, while cell bodies and nearby dendrites are heavily targeted by locally recurrent or bottom-up inputs from the sensory periphery. Scientific Data volume 10, Article number: 287 ( 2023) Responses of pyramidal cell somata and apical dendrites in mouse visual cortex over multiple days
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